* The first mechanisms for sustainable biofuels to the EU level are approved
published on 19/07/2011
Biofuels can be an environmentally friendly solution to replace fossil fuels.
However, we must ensure that rainforests and carbon-rich peatlands do not become oil palm plantations and sugar cane.
We must also ensure that biofuels provide, compared to fossil fuels, real savings of greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, the sustainability of biofuels must be controlled either by the Member States, either through voluntary mechanisms subject to the approval of the European Commission. Today, the Commission has identified seven of these voluntary mechanisms: ISCC, Bonsucro U.S., EU RTRS RED, RED U.S. RSB, 2BSvs, and RSBA Greenergy. This approval is directly applicable in all 27 EU Member States.
The Commissioner for Energy, Mr Günther Oettinger, said: "We must ensure that the entire biofuel production and the corresponding supply chain is sustainable. That's why we set the standards for sustainability of the world's most demanding.
Mechanisms recognized today at the EU level is a good example of a reliable and transparent system that ensures compliance with these standards.
In order to receive public support or recognition for the achievement of national mandatory renewable energy, biofuels used in the EU, whether from local production and imported must meet sustainability criteria. They aim to prevent areas of high biodiversity value or with high stocks of carbon are converted into areas producing raw materials for the production of biofuels. In practice this means that biofuels produced from crops on land previously occupied by tropical forest or natural grassland with a unique ecosystem can not be considered sustainable. In addition, emissions of greenhouse gases over the entire production chain must be less than at least 35% to those in the chain of production of fossil fuels. This threshold will be raised gradually.
ContextThe EU has set a target a share of at least 10% of renewables in transport by 2020. Where biofuels are used to achieve this objective, they must meet a set of requirements for sustainability. Thus, biofuels can be produced in areas of high biodiversity value, such as protected areas or in areas with high stocks of carbon, such as forests and bogs.
Companies can choose to demonstrate their compliance with sustainability requirements as part of national or by joining a voluntary recognition by the Commission.
When the Commission has audited the depth of a mechanism with regard to the durability requirements and is satisfied that it adequately covers the requirements of sustainability set out in the Energy Directive renouvelables1, it will grant its approval for a five years.
These mechanisms control the place and manner of production of biofuels. If the rules are complied with a voluntary mechanism, this mechanism may issue a certificate for the product in question.After a thorough evaluation conducted by the Commission, and various improvements, the following mechanisms have been recognized:
- ISCC (mechanism funded German public for all types of biofuels);- U.S. Bonsucro (initiative for biofuels made from sugar cane, focusing on Brazil);- RTRS EU RED (initiative for soy-based biofuels, focusing on Argentina and Brazil);- RSB EU RED (initiative on all types of biofuels);- 2BSvs (mechanism developed by French producers and covering all types of biofuels);RBSA (mechanism established by the company Abengoa to its supply chain);- Greenergy (mechanism established by the company Greenergy for Brazilian ethanol made from sugar cane).The Commission is currently discussing with officials of other mechanisms voluntary opportunities to improve their functioning in order to apply sustainability requirements for biofuels.
Origin: European Commission Press Release
GDF SUEZ oil exploration
GDF SUEZ announces two important milestones in the development of its asset portfolio of exploration and production. These operations are located in one area in a mature Norway and the other in a promising region in Asia.
GDF SUEZ has thus acquire an additional 20% stake in gas field offshore Njord Noatun discovery and Norway from ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Norway AS. GDF SUEZ E & P Norge AS becomes the largest shareholder with 40% of this license, together with Statoil (20%, operator), E. ON Ruhrgas (30%), Faroe Petroleum (7.5%) and VNG (2, 5%).
At the same time, GDF SUEZ, with its partner Eni Indonesia (operator's license Muara Bakau with a 55% stake) announced a discovery in the North-East gas field Jangkrik on the licensing of offshore Muara Bakau, Indonesia.
This result follows the success of two exploration wells and appraisal wells completed in 2009 and 2010 on the field of Jangkrik.
According to Jean-Marie Dauger, Executive Vice President of GDF SUEZ in charge of Global Gas & LNG: "These two transactions illustrate well the strategy E & P of GDF SUEZ and its successful implementation: a balanced portfolio with a presence high in mature areas such as Njord Norway, and exploration activity in new regions such as Indonesia. "
The Njord area offshore Norway experienced strong activity. The field of North-West Flank, which is part of the license of Njord, is currently being drilled from the platform Njord and fast track development project field Hyme (ex-Gygrid), recently approved by the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, provides a connection to the Njord infrastructure, where the gas will be processed. The project started production on the low pressure Njord field in 2013 will increase the recovery rate and the life of the field, in production since 1997.
Operating in the license since late 2000, GDF SUEZ would also accelerate the development of other discoveries in the region, to extend the lifetime of the Njord platform to serve as a hub for the area. The transaction is subject to approval by Norwegian authorities.
In Indonesia, GDF SUEZ has entered the offshore exploration license in Muara Bakau in September 2009, taking a 45%. This license is located in the eastern basin Kutei, leaving the Mahakam Delta, the largest river in the eastern part of the island of Borneo (East Kalimantan).The results of this exploratory wells indicate the presence of gas over 60 meters thick net sand in tanks of high quality dating Pliocene and Miocene epochs. During production test, the well produced gas with a high quality flow forced the well of 0.87 million m3 / d. The gas produced will be sent to the Bontang LNG plant.
Present in 16 countries, GDF SUEZ E & P has developed a balanced portfolio through targeted acquisitions and being operator licenses, to provide cash flow and resources to the Group. December 31, 2010, GDF SUEZ holds 362 licenses, of which 206 (57%) as an operator. The reserves were 815 mboe and total production of 51.2 Mboe (74% gas - 26% oil).
GDF SUEZ has thus acquire an additional 20% stake in gas field offshore Njord Noatun discovery and Norway from ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Norway AS. GDF SUEZ E & P Norge AS becomes the largest shareholder with 40% of this license, together with Statoil (20%, operator), E. ON Ruhrgas (30%), Faroe Petroleum (7.5%) and VNG (2, 5%).
At the same time, GDF SUEZ, with its partner Eni Indonesia (operator's license Muara Bakau with a 55% stake) announced a discovery in the North-East gas field Jangkrik on the licensing of offshore Muara Bakau, Indonesia.
This result follows the success of two exploration wells and appraisal wells completed in 2009 and 2010 on the field of Jangkrik.
According to Jean-Marie Dauger, Executive Vice President of GDF SUEZ in charge of Global Gas & LNG: "These two transactions illustrate well the strategy E & P of GDF SUEZ and its successful implementation: a balanced portfolio with a presence high in mature areas such as Njord Norway, and exploration activity in new regions such as Indonesia. "
The Njord area offshore Norway experienced strong activity. The field of North-West Flank, which is part of the license of Njord, is currently being drilled from the platform Njord and fast track development project field Hyme (ex-Gygrid), recently approved by the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, provides a connection to the Njord infrastructure, where the gas will be processed. The project started production on the low pressure Njord field in 2013 will increase the recovery rate and the life of the field, in production since 1997.
Operating in the license since late 2000, GDF SUEZ would also accelerate the development of other discoveries in the region, to extend the lifetime of the Njord platform to serve as a hub for the area. The transaction is subject to approval by Norwegian authorities.
In Indonesia, GDF SUEZ has entered the offshore exploration license in Muara Bakau in September 2009, taking a 45%. This license is located in the eastern basin Kutei, leaving the Mahakam Delta, the largest river in the eastern part of the island of Borneo (East Kalimantan).The results of this exploratory wells indicate the presence of gas over 60 meters thick net sand in tanks of high quality dating Pliocene and Miocene epochs. During production test, the well produced gas with a high quality flow forced the well of 0.87 million m3 / d. The gas produced will be sent to the Bontang LNG plant.
Present in 16 countries, GDF SUEZ E & P has developed a balanced portfolio through targeted acquisitions and being operator licenses, to provide cash flow and resources to the Group. December 31, 2010, GDF SUEZ holds 362 licenses, of which 206 (57%) as an operator. The reserves were 815 mboe and total production of 51.2 Mboe (74% gas - 26% oil).
News to trade oil for binary options
News to trade oil for binary options
Note also that for oil, a weekly publication of the weekly inventory report from the U.S. Department of Energy is one of the most volatile and therefore more attractive to sell.
This report is published every Wednesday at 14.30 but is available in preview on the website of U.S. Department of Energy.
Be careful though as this report covers both the oil, but diesel and other petroleum products.
In this report, also included on many sites dedicated to oil, there are figures on oil stocks in different regions of the United States with each of these predictions of changes in stocks. These weekly reports are often shelled and analyzed by specialists in emerging future trends. In addition, the Department of Energy publishes reports by filing requests and imports of oil and its derivatives which are also of great use when the oil trade due to binary options.
In general, the more you will be informed of this, the more you can effectively binary options trader on oil by using the volatility that followed the publication of figures to make a profit on the sale. You just then, to get started and to open the eye to identify key moments in the trading of oil in binary options.
Note also that for oil, a weekly publication of the weekly inventory report from the U.S. Department of Energy is one of the most volatile and therefore more attractive to sell.
This report is published every Wednesday at 14.30 but is available in preview on the website of U.S. Department of Energy.
Be careful though as this report covers both the oil, but diesel and other petroleum products.
In this report, also included on many sites dedicated to oil, there are figures on oil stocks in different regions of the United States with each of these predictions of changes in stocks. These weekly reports are often shelled and analyzed by specialists in emerging future trends. In addition, the Department of Energy publishes reports by filing requests and imports of oil and its derivatives which are also of great use when the oil trade due to binary options.
In general, the more you will be informed of this, the more you can effectively binary options trader on oil by using the volatility that followed the publication of figures to make a profit on the sale. You just then, to get started and to open the eye to identify key moments in the trading of oil in binary options.
invents the Saudi oil reserves there are not
Peak oil could be much closer than previously thought, or rather may already be safely done.
Wikileaks has published some documents to prove it a habit of cheating Saudi emirs of which was suspected for years in the OPEC.
In Saudi Arabia it would deliberately inflated by more than 40% oil capacity inventing the beauty of 300 billion barrels that do not exist.
A little vice, that of the Saudi oil industry, which has two strong implications: one, if the Saudi oil reserves are not sufficient to support prices, it is likely a jump in crude oil prices, making it more expensive than the cost of energy bills in the West .
Secondly, the scarcity of oil reserves could redesign some balance of power nell'instabile Middle East chessboard.
What is certain is that the end of the civilization of oil is approaching with great strides and the search for alternatives should be strongly encouraged, not opposed.
Wikileaks has published some documents to prove it a habit of cheating Saudi emirs of which was suspected for years in the OPEC.
In Saudi Arabia it would deliberately inflated by more than 40% oil capacity inventing the beauty of 300 billion barrels that do not exist.
A little vice, that of the Saudi oil industry, which has two strong implications: one, if the Saudi oil reserves are not sufficient to support prices, it is likely a jump in crude oil prices, making it more expensive than the cost of energy bills in the West .
Secondly, the scarcity of oil reserves could redesign some balance of power nell'instabile Middle East chessboard.
What is certain is that the end of the civilization of oil is approaching with great strides and the search for alternatives should be strongly encouraged, not opposed.
The presence and exploitation of oil in Italy
The presence and exploitation of oil in Italy is certainly very ancient and dates back at least to Roman times, because natural events in the Apennines oil were used as fuel and waterproofing. The draw held at the end of a regular production of oil began in 1860 using a number of wells in the vicinity of the natural manifestations of leakage in the Northern Apennines.
But the complex stratigraphy and geology of this area of the Apennines had not yet been fully studied and many issues were still unresolved, then the search for oil, concentrated Emiliano Apennines, where they appear in the scaly clays (Liguride), did not great advances in productivity and modest increases were obtained with improved extraction technique rather than with the identification and exploitation of new deposits. In fact there is an increase in tons of oil extracted by passing 1000 tons in 1891 to 10,000 in 1911 and 20,000 in '31. The first important conceptual breakthrough in structural geological situation occurred with Cesare Porro, even if the techniques did not allow an objective exploration of his theories. In fact, speculated that the scaly clays could be the "rock" but they had needed to be a good permeability reservoir (see oil) from which to extract the petrolio.a.
But the complex stratigraphy and geology of this area of the Apennines had not yet been fully studied and many issues were still unresolved, then the search for oil, concentrated Emiliano Apennines, where they appear in the scaly clays (Liguride), did not great advances in productivity and modest increases were obtained with improved extraction technique rather than with the identification and exploitation of new deposits. In fact there is an increase in tons of oil extracted by passing 1000 tons in 1891 to 10,000 in 1911 and 20,000 in '31. The first important conceptual breakthrough in structural geological situation occurred with Cesare Porro, even if the techniques did not allow an objective exploration of his theories. In fact, speculated that the scaly clays could be the "rock" but they had needed to be a good permeability reservoir (see oil) from which to extract the petrolio.a.
Italy is not 'the Cinderella of Europe's oil and gas wealth
Italy is not 'the Cinderella of Europe's oil and gas wealth.
Italy occupies third place among the other hand, producers of oil in Western Europe after Britain and Norway, with 330,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boe). Our country has proven reserves of oil and gas amounted to 1.9 billion barrels of oil equivalent (boe), while those yet to be discovered are measured from a minimum of 1.2 billion and 4 billion boe. The report highlights a dell'Assomineraria, the association of companies in the field of exploration and production of hydrocarbons. To confirm the potential 'national association announces that the British Northern Petroleum has received a preliminary eight new oil exploration concessions in Italy.
These are six offshore concessions, four of them in the Strait of Sicily and Southern Italy in the Adriatic two and two on land, in the Po Valley: Longastrino near Bologna and Gattinara in the province of Novara.
The company now automatically boots' environmental impact studies for the final go-ahead operations.Despite these potential ', the domestic production of gas and' dropped in 2005 to 12 billion cubic meters per year compared to 20 billion cubic meters a decade ago, when methane covering 37.4% of national consumption against 'current 15%. Dell'Assomineraria estimates, at this rate, in 2010 the domestic production of gas will go down 'to 5 billion cubic meters a year, covering only 5% of consumption compared to a growth in demand that led to 84 million cubic meters of national demand.
The Assomineraria proposes to bring into production of reserves already 'identified and in areas outside the North Adriatic Sea, about 700 million barrels of oil equivalent. ''Our country still has a considerable potential for hydrocarbon production and this could easily increase, doubling in a few years, if you were a more 'courageous to facilitate the development of fields already' discovered and to encourage a ' exploration languished for many years''explains the Assciazione. For example, there are 34 billion cubic meters of gas have already 'discovered in the northern Adriatic, whose development and' locked up in 1995 to fears of environmental impact, in particular related to subsidence.
The post-petroleum paradigm
The post-petroleum paradigm
It is hard to imagine a world without oil in detail, but some aspects of the post-petroleum paradigm can be predicted with some degree of safety.
Should be used all economically viable sources of energy, but replace the oil in its great versatility probably will not be completely possible. Replace the role of oil and gas together in agricultural production will be the biggest problem, and could be a problem not completely solved.
The world's population will be made compatible with smaller quantities of food by means of a reduction. Pimentel and Pimentel (1996) state: "... the nations of the world must develop a plan to reduce global population by nearly six billion today [in 1996, the estimated world population now amounts to 6,909,980,739 people - NDT] about two billion [... still too many - NDT]. If man will not be able to control the size of their population numbers, will take care of nature. "Since the stop and turn back the train of population growth is something that can only be done gradually, this is a process that should be started now (Cohen, 1995). If this is not done, it is likely to occur on a large scale famine. "[Since Cohen argued this thesis, others have already passed 16 years, approximately 1,010,729,471 people added to global population: nothing has been done, separately discuss - NDT]
The excellent personal mobility of those people now fortunate enough to enjoy the use of automobiles and airplanes will be greatly reduced.
The lifestyle of energy-consuming nations should be facilitated. The nations that do not enjoy the possibility of such energy use have less to lose and could not be forced to live like big changes.
The attention of society as a whole should be given much more towards ensuring the foundations of existence than it does today, especially in affluent societies where abundance is considered to be guaranteed and the good life lived accordingly.
Scientists, economists, sociologists and political scientists are increasingly concerned about the effects of the oil. Mitigate the social and economic strains have the highest priority.
It is hard to imagine a world without oil in detail, but some aspects of the post-petroleum paradigm can be predicted with some degree of safety.
Should be used all economically viable sources of energy, but replace the oil in its great versatility probably will not be completely possible. Replace the role of oil and gas together in agricultural production will be the biggest problem, and could be a problem not completely solved.
The world's population will be made compatible with smaller quantities of food by means of a reduction. Pimentel and Pimentel (1996) state: "... the nations of the world must develop a plan to reduce global population by nearly six billion today [in 1996, the estimated world population now amounts to 6,909,980,739 people - NDT] about two billion [... still too many - NDT]. If man will not be able to control the size of their population numbers, will take care of nature. "Since the stop and turn back the train of population growth is something that can only be done gradually, this is a process that should be started now (Cohen, 1995). If this is not done, it is likely to occur on a large scale famine. "[Since Cohen argued this thesis, others have already passed 16 years, approximately 1,010,729,471 people added to global population: nothing has been done, separately discuss - NDT]
The excellent personal mobility of those people now fortunate enough to enjoy the use of automobiles and airplanes will be greatly reduced.
The lifestyle of energy-consuming nations should be facilitated. The nations that do not enjoy the possibility of such energy use have less to lose and could not be forced to live like big changes.
The attention of society as a whole should be given much more towards ensuring the foundations of existence than it does today, especially in affluent societies where abundance is considered to be guaranteed and the good life lived accordingly.
Scientists, economists, sociologists and political scientists are increasingly concerned about the effects of the oil. Mitigate the social and economic strains have the highest priority.
The oil in Italy.
The oil in Italy.
Oil wells and gas in Italy are small, highly fragmented and often located at great depths, or offshore, and this made it difficult to both their location and their exploitation. Italy is the 49 th largest oil producer in the world.
The oil fields are most important in Italy in Sicily and in its immediate offshore, in particular the field of Ragusa (1500 meters) or to Gela (discovered in 1956, has similar characteristics to that of Dubrovnik and is 3500 meters deep) and that of Gagliano Castelferrato (discovered in 1960, produces gas and is located about 2000 meters deep). Besides these there are other fields in the east and Western Europe. There are also one of the most important ones from the Val d'Agri in Basilicata, and the Port of Ravenna in the Adriatic Orsini.
The search for oil continues today, with oil production of around 80,000 barrels per day, while the gas fields is about 15 billion cubic meters. The peak of oil production in Italy was reached in 1997, and the current rate of depletion was 3.1%.
Domestic production accounts for about 7% of our total oil consumption, the remaining 93% is imported from abroad, therefore, the Italian production, then, is 1% dellla world production, with the remaining reserves, about 1 billion barrels, representing 0.1% of world reserves of crude oil.
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