The presence and exploitation of oil in Italy is certainly very ancient and dates back at least to Roman times, because the demonstrations were in the Apennines natural oil used as fuel and waterproofing.
The draw held at the end of a regular production of oil began in 1860 using several wells in the vicinity of the natural manifestations of leakage in the Northern Apennines.
But the complex geology and stratigraphy of this area of the Apennines had not yet been fully studied and were still many unresolved issues, oil exploration then concentrated Emiliano Apennines, where they appear in the scaly clays (Liguride), did not great progress and modest productivity gains were achieved with the improvement of the extraction technique than with the identification and exploitation of new deposits. In fact there is an increase in tons of oil extracted by passing 1000 tons in 1891 to 10,000 in 1911 and 20,000 in '31.
The first major conceptual breakthrough in the structural geological situation occurred with Caesar Leek, although the exploration techniques did not allow an objective of his theories. In fact, speculated that the scaly clays could be the "rock" but they had needed to be a good permeability reservoir (see oil) from which to extract the oil.Near the Italian production of oil from 1944 to 1984 in the TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent), in the field of Narcissus with relative seismic section (Pieri, Oil Zanichelli Ed).
Mattei, Agip leadership.
Only in 1940 was available seismic reflection survey (research method that uses the compression waves, earthquakes see) and in 1944 came the first important discovery of the deposit Caviaga (near Lodi, has 46 producing wells that extract pure methane for 97% and containing 2.2% for the higher hydrocarbons and the reservoir was discovered in the sands of the Miocene Pliocene on the substrate, the porosity of the reservoir is 29% with a maximum thickness of 300 meters. The depth of extraction is of 1404 meters.
The trap is a structural one, namely an anticline), whose reserves of 12 billion cubic meters of methane demonstrated the economic potential of this new type of research. From 1944 to 1987 were drilled exploratory wells in Italy about 1800 at an average depth of 3000 meters, which have identified about 300 fields.There are many areas of interest such as oil in the Po Valley Italy, studied and used mostly by Agip (Italian General Petroleum Company), under the leadership of E. Mattei in 1953 he obtained the exclusive right to the whole area and the Po Valley Veneta.
This allowed him to make an exploration of organic and represents the best example of a portion of territory in which the advancement of knowledge and stratigraphic geology is entirely due to oil exploration.
Within this area (about 52,000 sq km, 1 / 6 of the whole Italian territory) have identified several interesting structures as clastic and carbonate rock deposits with structural traps, stratigraphic and mixed (see petroleum).
The oil and gas Po have different origins
The oil and gas Po have different origins, in fact most of the deposits in the Plio-Pleistocene reservoirs, consisting of methane gas, like that of Ravenna (discovered in 1952 with 30 producing wells that extract natural gas with 99.5% traces of nitrogen and higher hydrocarbons, the depth of extraction is between 1250 and 1960 meters and the trap is a structural joint, particularly a synsedimentary anticline with a covering of clay of the same age) or to Serigne (discovered in 1954 11 wells that extract natural gas 99.2% pure with traces of higher hydrocarbons and nitrogen and the depth of extraction is of 1305 meters, the type of stratigraphic trap is the erosion of the cover of the Messinian) is deemed to have an origin biogenetic .
The clay of these sequences are in fact formed by alternating layers of clay and sandy soils that contain organic matter with a predominantly terrestrial plant and then, under conditions of rapid accumulation occurs resulting in the formation of gas levels
in the drainage of clay and gas levels sandy. So biogenic gas could be formed in large quantities and form a reservoir space.
Another source is the gas with a higher oil content of the order of 3-10%, the latter fact comes from the kerogen of great depth (see petroleum), and in many cases the oil is able to migrate through the fracture zones Pliocene and Quaternary reaching the reservoir, then mixed with the gas diagenetic of recent origin.
This type of situation is found in Cavone deposit (discovered in 1973 near Modena, produces oil at 24.3 API, the depth of extraction is about 3000 meters, the trap is made of a structural anticline) or in Malossa (discovered in 1973 always produces 79.08% pure methane with higher hydrocarbons, and condensed to 53 API, and due to the fracturing of the cover gas is also filtered in the above sequences.
The depth of extraction is 5830 meters, and the trap is structural, in particular a faulted anticline that has been tettonizzata at the end of the Miocene). Alongside a section of the field of Gela, from Pieri 1969. Under the oil platform in the Perla field, off the coast of Gela, the old photographic documentation, ENI.
Great importance of Villafortuna
Of great importance is the giant Villafortuna, (near Novara, discovered in 1984 and produces oil at 34 API, from a depth between 4600 and 6200 meters), which happens to be the largest oilfield in continental Europe and produces 61,000 barrels per day (1 barrel is 158.76 liters).Even in the Northern Apennines was resumed exploration with the identification of some deposits, small, but interesting in structural traps located in the outer elements of the chain, which are located in the Marche and in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Even in this case the oil has different origins: a first group of gas fields has fields with reservoir lithology sandy Pliocene, while a second group, containing oil and gas, but has sandy Miocene reservoir lithology with sup. and Lower Pliocene. (Deposits and Busseto Cortemaggiore). A third group of deposits, containing oil and gas, Jurassic carbonate reservoir has cretaceci Cretaceous or Eocene (Marche fields of Santa Maria beach, St. George's sea bream, Dora
The clay of these sequences are in fact formed by alternating layers of clay and sandy soils that contain organic matter with a predominantly terrestrial plant and then, under conditions of rapid accumulation occurs resulting in the formation of gas levels
Another source is the gas with a higher oil content of the order of 3-10%, the latter fact comes from the kerogen of great depth (see petroleum), and in many cases the oil is able to migrate through the fracture zones Pliocene and Quaternary reaching the reservoir, then mixed with the gas diagenetic of recent origin.
This type of situation is found in Cavone deposit (discovered in 1973 near Modena, produces oil at 24.3 API, the depth of extraction is about 3000 meters, the trap is made of a structural anticline) or in Malossa (discovered in 1973 always produces 79.08% pure methane with higher hydrocarbons, and condensed to 53 API, and due to the fracturing of the cover gas is also filtered in the above sequences.
The depth of extraction is 5830 meters, and the trap is structural, in particular a faulted anticline that has been tettonizzata at the end of the Miocene). Alongside a section of the field of Gela, from Pieri 1969. Under the oil platform in the Perla field, off the coast of Gela, the old photographic documentation, ENI.
Great importance of Villafortuna
Of great importance is the giant Villafortuna, (near Novara, discovered in 1984 and produces oil at 34 API, from a depth between 4600 and 6200 meters), which happens to be the largest oilfield in continental Europe and produces 61,000 barrels per day (1 barrel is 158.76 liters).Even in the Northern Apennines was resumed exploration with the identification of some deposits, small, but interesting in structural traps located in the outer elements of the chain, which are located in the Marche and in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Even in this case the oil has different origins: a first group of gas fields has fields with reservoir lithology sandy Pliocene, while a second group, containing oil and gas, but has sandy Miocene reservoir lithology with sup. and Lower Pliocene. (Deposits and Busseto Cortemaggiore). A third group of deposits, containing oil and gas, Jurassic carbonate reservoir has cretaceci Cretaceous or Eocene (Marche fields of Santa Maria beach, St. George's sea bream, Dora
Italy has modest reserves of natural gas
History [edit]
The first extraction of natural gas in Italy in 1938 was made by Podenzano.
In 1939 was built the first pipeline to transport gas between Pietramala and Florence. In 1942-'43 was built the first pipeline between Lodi and Milan Salsomaggiore.
In 1944 it was discovered the giant Caviaga, then the largest discovered in Western Europe.
In 1948 it was discovered the field of Ripalta.
Between 1946 and 1950 Italian production went from 20 to 305 million cubic meters between 1949 and 1951 the distribution network was increased from 354 to 1266 km.
In 1952 it was discovered the field of Ravenna, at 1250-1960 m depth (30 production wells) in 1954 to Serigne, at 1305 meters (11 active wells).
In 1960 it was discovered the field of Gagliano, at 2000 meters. In 1973 the mine was discovered Malossa, at 5800 meters.
Among the nineties and 2000 were launched new wells in the Adriatic.
The oil in Italy
The oil in Italy.
Oil wells and gas in Italy are small, highly fragmented and often located at great depths, or offshore, and this made it difficult to both their location and their exploitation.
Italy is the 49 th largest oil producer in the world.
The oil fields are most important in Italy in Sicily and in its immediate offshore, in particular the field of Ragusa (1500 meters) or that of Gela (discovered in 1956, has similar characteristics to that of Dubrovnik and is 3500 meters deep) and that of Gagliano Castelferrato (discovered in 1960, produces gas and is located about 2000 meters deep).
Besides these there are other fields in the east and Western Europe. There are also one of the most important ones from the Val d'Agri, Basilicata, and the Port of Ravenna in the Adriatic Orsini.
The search for oil continues today, with oil production of around 80,000 barrels per day, while the gas fields is about 15 billion cubic meters. The peak of oil production in Italy was reached in 1997, and the current rate of depletion was 3.1%.The national production represents about 7% of our total oil consumption, the remaining 93% is imported from abroad, therefore, the Italian production, then, is 1% dellla world production, with the remaining reserves, about 1 billion barrels, representing 0.1% of world reserves of crude oil.
The environmental impact of oil extraction.
The extraction of oil has a high environmental impact of extraction is normal activity, which provides seismic exploration, drilling and above all highly polluting waste, is the inevitable and unfortunately common accidents.
The oil extraction is a very expensive operation which has negative consequences for the environment: research offshore dredging disturb the marine environment and damaging the seabed rich in algae in the marine food chain core have a serious impact on the environment.It is therefore important that each of us choose products made without the use of oil (glass, jute, aluminum instead of plastic) and adopts a positive approach nela mobility (LPG, CNG, electric).
Oil wells and gas in Italy are small, highly fragmented and often located at great depths, or offshore, and this made it difficult to both their location and their exploitation.
Italy is the 49 th largest oil producer in the world.
The oil fields are most important in Italy in Sicily and in its immediate offshore, in particular the field of Ragusa (1500 meters) or that of Gela (discovered in 1956, has similar characteristics to that of Dubrovnik and is 3500 meters deep) and that of Gagliano Castelferrato (discovered in 1960, produces gas and is located about 2000 meters deep).
Besides these there are other fields in the east and Western Europe. There are also one of the most important ones from the Val d'Agri, Basilicata, and the Port of Ravenna in the Adriatic Orsini.
The search for oil continues today, with oil production of around 80,000 barrels per day, while the gas fields is about 15 billion cubic meters. The peak of oil production in Italy was reached in 1997, and the current rate of depletion was 3.1%.The national production represents about 7% of our total oil consumption, the remaining 93% is imported from abroad, therefore, the Italian production, then, is 1% dellla world production, with the remaining reserves, about 1 billion barrels, representing 0.1% of world reserves of crude oil.
The environmental impact of oil extraction.
The extraction of oil has a high environmental impact of extraction is normal activity, which provides seismic exploration, drilling and above all highly polluting waste, is the inevitable and unfortunately common accidents.
The oil extraction is a very expensive operation which has negative consequences for the environment: research offshore dredging disturb the marine environment and damaging the seabed rich in algae in the marine food chain core have a serious impact on the environment.It is therefore important that each of us choose products made without the use of oil (glass, jute, aluminum instead of plastic) and adopts a positive approach nela mobility (LPG, CNG, electric).
Oil wells and gas in Italy are small
Oil wells and gas in Italy are small, highly fragmented and often located at great depths, or offshore, and this made it difficult to both their location and their exploitation.
The oil fields are most important in Italy in Sicily and in its immediate offshore, in particular the field of Ragusa (1500 meters) or that of Gela (discovered in 1956, has similar characteristics to that of Dubrovnik and is 3500 meters deep) and that of Gagliano Castelferrato (discovered in 1960, produces gas and is located about 2000 meters deep).
Besides these there are other fields in the east and Western Europe. There are also one of the most important ones from the Val d'Agri, Basilicata, and the Port of Ravenna in the Adriatic Orsini.
The oil fields are most important in Italy in Sicily and in its immediate offshore, in particular the field of Ragusa (1500 meters) or that of Gela (discovered in 1956, has similar characteristics to that of Dubrovnik and is 3500 meters deep) and that of Gagliano Castelferrato (discovered in 1960, produces gas and is located about 2000 meters deep).
Besides these there are other fields in the east and Western Europe. There are also one of the most important ones from the Val d'Agri, Basilicata, and the Port of Ravenna in the Adriatic Orsini.
Trevisan who live at the foot of Montello
Trevisan who live at the foot of Montello, including Giaveri Nervesa Spresiano and Arcade, have under their feet one of Italy's strategic reserves, to Collalto.
It is not only a cultural field (here, in Collalto, John wrote the House of Etiquette "Over de 'costumes," published in 1558, and the Earl of Collalto was in the same year the subject of poems by Gaspara Print) but is also a field in the literal sense of an Edison storage.
Among the Stogit (ENI), the largest European companies storage, and Edison, Italy is the EU country with the "store" larger than methane.
Warehouses, storage facilities ie: old gas fields which, after being emptied, are re-used as reservoirs hidden and strategic.
After all, the old fields are watertight, have seen that the methane stored for millions of years, and are well infrastructured: when the gas is extracted, there came the pipes to bring natural gas pipelines dress.
Today those same pipes carry the gas underground, when demand is low and when demand for natural gas riestraggono is sky or - as happens these days - when it inflames the "gastritis" between Russia and Ukraine.
The Italian system of storage of methane can count, January 5 at 6 am, on a stock of 6.78 billion cubic meters (since Stogit), representing 80% of what there was in early November when ended up filling the reserve. It's enough to withstand a great international crisis.
On 22 December, when the gas pipeline from Russia to be operating below full capacity, there were still 7.38 billion cubic meters (87.7% of stock compared to November), with a forecast of 31 March with inventory for 2, 4 billion cubic meters (28.6% compared to November last year).
These deposits Invisible Eni and Edison are working on behalf of the market. The gas companies buy natural gas when it costs little (for example, in the summer when demand cools low prices), store it in Italian warehouses, and then ordered Eni to put it back on the market when the pipelines are so full that no sufficient to meet winter demand. The service is paid with the tariffs set by the energy, the most reasonable rates in Europe.
Inventories of natural gas owned by the companies and operators are not all available reserves. An additional fee of methane is reserved for the State, that the reserve "strategic" fixed by law. Finally there is the so-called cushion gas, that is what it takes to create the pressure needed to push out the methane gas-cushion is untouchable, because if it were an object extracted the tank would become useless and wasted.
Gas companies to serve much the stocks: the Edison, the Gaz de France, the Hera, the Northsurn, the Sorgenia, Ital Gas Storage, Gas Plus, the Geo Stock, Enel, Acea, The Blugas have asked to make deposits in the old empty deposits of Bagnolo Mella (Brescia), Cornegliano (Lodi), Cugno Pizzuta The Millstones and Serra (Matera), Poggiofiorito (Chieti), Rivara (Modena), and Romanengo Voltido (Cremona ), St. Benedict and Verdicchio (Ascoli), San Potito (Ravenna), Sinarca (CB).
Italy is more dependent than other methane, which accounts for 38% of energy requirements and has passed the oil between the sources. The reason is simple. The new power plants with very high efficiency and low pollution burning methane. Under the direction of the Ministry of Economic Development Energy, in 2007 (the 2008 data are still being processed), Italy consumed 84.89 billion cubic meters and 34.29 have been burned by power plants (households, commerce and service sectors I have burned 28 billion and 19 billion industry). By comparison, in 2003 the central burned 25.7 billion cubic meters while the families were first item of consumer and commercial applications. (J.G.)
It is not only a cultural field (here, in Collalto, John wrote the House of Etiquette "Over de 'costumes," published in 1558, and the Earl of Collalto was in the same year the subject of poems by Gaspara Print) but is also a field in the literal sense of an Edison storage.
Among the Stogit (ENI), the largest European companies storage, and Edison, Italy is the EU country with the "store" larger than methane.
Warehouses, storage facilities ie: old gas fields which, after being emptied, are re-used as reservoirs hidden and strategic.
After all, the old fields are watertight, have seen that the methane stored for millions of years, and are well infrastructured: when the gas is extracted, there came the pipes to bring natural gas pipelines dress.
Today those same pipes carry the gas underground, when demand is low and when demand for natural gas riestraggono is sky or - as happens these days - when it inflames the "gastritis" between Russia and Ukraine.
The Italian system of storage of methane can count, January 5 at 6 am, on a stock of 6.78 billion cubic meters (since Stogit), representing 80% of what there was in early November when ended up filling the reserve. It's enough to withstand a great international crisis.
On 22 December, when the gas pipeline from Russia to be operating below full capacity, there were still 7.38 billion cubic meters (87.7% of stock compared to November), with a forecast of 31 March with inventory for 2, 4 billion cubic meters (28.6% compared to November last year).
These deposits Invisible Eni and Edison are working on behalf of the market. The gas companies buy natural gas when it costs little (for example, in the summer when demand cools low prices), store it in Italian warehouses, and then ordered Eni to put it back on the market when the pipelines are so full that no sufficient to meet winter demand. The service is paid with the tariffs set by the energy, the most reasonable rates in Europe.
Inventories of natural gas owned by the companies and operators are not all available reserves. An additional fee of methane is reserved for the State, that the reserve "strategic" fixed by law. Finally there is the so-called cushion gas, that is what it takes to create the pressure needed to push out the methane gas-cushion is untouchable, because if it were an object extracted the tank would become useless and wasted.
Gas companies to serve much the stocks: the Edison, the Gaz de France, the Hera, the Northsurn, the Sorgenia, Ital Gas Storage, Gas Plus, the Geo Stock, Enel, Acea, The Blugas have asked to make deposits in the old empty deposits of Bagnolo Mella (Brescia), Cornegliano (Lodi), Cugno Pizzuta The Millstones and Serra (Matera), Poggiofiorito (Chieti), Rivara (Modena), and Romanengo Voltido (Cremona ), St. Benedict and Verdicchio (Ascoli), San Potito (Ravenna), Sinarca (CB).
Italy is more dependent than other methane, which accounts for 38% of energy requirements and has passed the oil between the sources. The reason is simple. The new power plants with very high efficiency and low pollution burning methane. Under the direction of the Ministry of Economic Development Energy, in 2007 (the 2008 data are still being processed), Italy consumed 84.89 billion cubic meters and 34.29 have been burned by power plants (households, commerce and service sectors I have burned 28 billion and 19 billion industry). By comparison, in 2003 the central burned 25.7 billion cubic meters while the families were first item of consumer and commercial applications. (J.G.)
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